What are Home (consumer) and Business (professional) series laptops ?

Consumer and business laptops are different. They look like same but the features and cost are different. The comparison below:

Price:

Consumer laptops are inexpensive and plentiful, but a business class laptops are costlier due to high features that generally aren't found in notebooks meant for consumers. 

Features:

Business laptops come with several features and especially with security features such as: finger sensor reader, 3G modem for cellular broadband. This feature keeps a business worker online no matter where she is on the road. 

Durability:

Business laptops are built with more metal to secure the laptop from crash during travel.

Hard drive:

Solid state hard drives don't have the moving components found in regular spinning drives as hard drive disk and that's why these laptops does not affected by accidental drops.

Style:

Many consumer laptops are available with bright colors, light up keyboards and eye catching designs while Business laptops comes with the fashion statements and keep a low profile. 

Service plan:

Business laptops also comes with extended service plan than the consumer laptop.

Pre-loaded Software:

1. Consumer laptops are comes with several pre-loaded extraneous software. Business laptops offer systems that include desired software like the business editions of popular operating systems and office productivity packages without unwanted extras like game demos and trial offers. 

Difference between Windows 10/11 Home and Professional versions

 Windows is the common the operating system in all over world.  Windows is based on Graphical User Interface but with time, it is developed into the most advances operating system for the users i.e. windows 10 Home and Professional and I will compare this two feature.

The major difference is presented in below:

Disadvantages Of Windows 10 Home

Utilization of Resources

The main issue with the system is that it provides various features and runs many programs in the background. 

Application Data Sharing

Many users feel uncomfortable with their data being shared with Microsoft via Cortana.

Bugs

Bugs problem is frequent and can happen or occur any times. 

Extra Features in Windows 10 Professional

Bit-Locker

Bit locker allows you to encrypt all the data present on your system if someone else steals or accesses your system.

Windows Information Protection

It is a data protection program that allows users to encrypt their data and make their systems more secure.

Remote Desktop

Windows 10 Pro provides the feature of Remote Desktop usage, which allows you to access your system and files remotely from any other system. 

Domain Join

It allows the users to share network resources, including devices like printers.

Client Hyper V

It is an inbuilt virtual Machine that will allow you to run another operating system in your Windows 10 Pro like Ubuntu.

Group Policy

It enables certain levels of access for users based on their restrictions. 

Disadvantages of Windows 10 Professional

Settings Features

The Settings in the Pro version of Windows do not come with various accessible features, but users have to switch to the Control Panel for various settings.

Missing old features

Many features of previous versions of Windows are removed from this version i.e. Windows Media Player, Photo viewer.

Shutdown Time

The shutdown time of this version of Windows is comparatively high, and this turns out to be pretty annoying for the users.

Reference:

https://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/windows-10-home-vs-pro/

Adaptations and mitigation: Questions and answers part 7

 Q: Discuss why capacity building is important in implementing adaptation plans?

Ans: Scientific and technical capacity,advancing scientific knowledge and linking scientific and policy communities. with the proper use of resources, technology, financing and IPR. It is important to build enough capacity to ensure that the implementation will result in change that is sustainable and aligned with the principles and objectives set out in the design of the adaptation plan.

This can require the building of additional skill sets, increasing education and awareness about certain issues and developing trust and cooperation- these are often barriers which undermine the effectiveness of adaptation processes.

Capacity building is a key issue for the implementation of climate adaptation measures in urban planning processes.In addition, scientific insights and tools can be of assistance, and the use of climate maps can help to create a common language.

Such common understanding of climate problems can lead to “goal environment” between actors, which can support the implementation of climate adaptation strategies in urban planning.

Q: Suggest possible steps that can ease (or motivate) the adaptation planning and implementation at the local level

Ans: The steps that can ease (or motivate) the adaptation planning and implementation at the local level are as follows:

1: Preparing the ground for adaptation

1.a. Obtain high-level support

1.b. Set up the process.

1.c. Estimate human and financial resources needed and identify potential sources of funding for the long term.

1.d. Collect information

1.e. Communicate and raise awareness

2. Assessing risks and vulnerabilities to climate change

2.a. Analyse how past weather events have affected at local level

2.b. Undertake a climate change risks and vulnerability assessment.

2.c. Develop an approach for addressing knowledge gaps and for dealing with uncertainties 

3.Concluding step: 

3 a. Identifying adaptation options

3.b. Collect appropriate adaptation options given at local level 

3.c. Explore good practices and existing measures

3.d. Describe adaptation options in detail 

4. Assessing adaptation options

4.a. Assess possible options in terms of time, cost, benefits and efforts.

Q: How to enhance climate change resilience and sustainability in urban areas?

Ans: Enhancing climate change resilience and sustainability in urban areas:

- By adopting specific  policies  to  ensure  provision  for  good  quality  risk-‐reducing  infrastructure  and  service that must reach  to whole city’s  population, the  institutional  and  financial  abilty  to  provide and  manage  these  and  expand  them  when  needed.

- By additional knowledge,  resources,  capacity  and  skills, which  are generally  required to  build  resilience  against the climate change to changes  beyond  the  ranges  of  what  have  been  happened  in  the  past.

- By reliable,  locally  specific  and  downscaled  projections  of  climate  change, which gives the reliable climate change scenario and impacts.  

- By tools  for  risk  screening  and  management, which are  needed to  provide  a  basis  for  incorporating  adaptation  into  development  plans  and  policy  option.

- By improving Infrastructures  and  buildings construction,  which have  a  lifespan  of  many  decades  so  investments  made  now  need  to  consider what  changes  in  risks  could  take  place  during  their  lifetime

Q: The local climate change at this stage may not obvious yet. Should adaptation plans incorporate into urban planning immediately or wait until there is more certainty about local climate change? Why?

Ans: Yes, we should adaptation plans incorporate into urban planning immediately because climate change is long continuous process and it is the global problem, when referring to global climate change it is important to look at long-term climate trends, generally 30 years or more, rather than short-term patterns which reflect natural climate variability.

The production of GHG is increased and growing due to high consumption of fossil fuel, non-renewable energy, industrial agriculture and land use changes, Which cause sea level rise, melting ice, increasing in global mean temperature and changing in weather. The important point is that the coping with climate change is also require more time. 

Climate mitigation and adaptation should be implemented simultaneously to effectively reduce climate change impacts and prepare for a future of change. If greenhouse gas emissions are not reduced through mitigation efforts, then the ability to adapt will be impacted by the rapid pace and severity of climate change.

Since the effects of climate change are already happening it is also necessary to include adaptation as an important part of climate change planning. Adaptation is the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects by society or ecosystem.

Adaptation can consist of a wide variety of actions by an individual, community, or organization to prepare for, or respond to, climate change impacts. We cannot wait for a crisis to occur to begin adapting to climate change impacts.

Q: What are basic needs/essentials to conduct coordination?

Ans: The basic needs/essentials to conduct coordination are as follows:

1) Monitoring of  environmental status could be done in identifying and solving climate change problems.

2) Diagnosing and investigation of  climate change public health problems and health hazards is possible via coordination.

3) Coordination could serve as a major tool in informing, educating and empowering about public health issues related to climate change.

4) Coordination would help in developing policies & plans that support climate change risk reduction efforts.

5) Coordination links people to climate change risk reduction services and thus help in assuring services are provided on time.

6) Research new insights and innovative solutions could be founded which will help in to reducing climate change public health risks issues.

Q: What does community-based approach mean?

Ans: The community-based approach is to create a community that would be actively participate in environmental  friendly  behavior  in  sustainable  ways and describes climate-resilient livelihoods, disaster risk reduction (DRR), local adaptive and organisational capacity development, and enabling national policy environment, a good knowledge of climate change, and the addressing of underlying causes of vulnerability) that need to be in place for effective community-based adaptation to occur.

Approaches:

- Building  trust  through  intensive  communication  with  key  persons  in  the  community.  

- Public  consultation  regarding  local  problems  and  solutions.   

- Framing  the  problems  profile  and  community  perception.  

- Formulate  the  community  focus  of  interest.  

- Formulate  road  map  and  strategic  plan.  

- Develop  programs  and  indicators  performance.

Q: What are ’four sides’ in YSM?

Ans: The Yonmenkaigi System Method is developed to reduce disaster impact at the local community level. Participatory workshop methods can be used to develop more effective action plans at the level of community that include collaborative decision making techniques among residents for proactive disaster management. The main aim is to make an action plan for the community through a workshop. The method focuses on four aspects.These four aspects are categorized as:

a) Management

b) Publication relation and information

c) Soft logistic

d) Hard logistic

Each of these role sharing elements is combined with a time dimension.

Adaptations and mitigation: Questions and answers part 6

Q: Please describe relationships between climate extreme and climate change, status of climate change in your country.

Relationships between climate extreme and climate change:

1) A warmer atmosphere can hold more water, fueling more intense rain and snow events. But at the other end of the spectrum, the warming climate can amplify conditions conducive to drought—like heatwaves, evapotranspiration and reduced soil moisture. The combination of these two extremes in one location can increase disasters like flooding and landslides.

2) A growing body of evidence shows strong connections between climate change and extreme events, and impacts once thought of as a distant future threat are already occurring and widespread.

3)The Character and severity of impacts from climate extremes depend not only on the extremes themselves but also on exposure and vulnerability.

4) Changing climate leads to changes in the frequency, intensity, spatial extent, duration,and timing of extreme weather and climate events, and can result in unprecedented extreme weather and climate events.

Status of climate change in India:

a) Extreme Heat: In India, an increase in the linear trend of about 0.4 0C in the surface air temperature has been observed in the past century. A warming trend is visible along the west coast, central India, interior peninsula and the North-Eastern India,but some cooling trends are also visible in the North-West India and parts of south India.

b) Changing Rainfall Patterns: A trend of about 10 to 12% (of the normal) increase in monsoon rains were reported along the west coast, northern Andhra Pradesh and north-western India during the last century. A decreasing trend of about 6 to 8% is observed over the last 100 years over eastern Madhya Pradesh, North-Eastern India and some parts of Gujarat and Kerala (NAPCC,2008).

c) Droughts: Droughts have major consequences. In 1987 and 2002-2003, droughts affected more than half of India’s crop area and led to a huge fall in crop production.

d) Groundwater: it is difficult to predict future ground water levels, falling water tables  can be expected to reduce further on account of increasing demand for water from a growing population and agricultural production.

e) Glacier Melt: The available data on snowfall in Himalayan ranges show a recession in some parts of the Himalayan ranges. The river systems of the Brahmaputra, the Ganges and the Indus draws water directly from melting of the Himalayas.

f) Sea level rise: Due to sea level rise, the fresh water sources near the coastal areas will suffer from salt intrusion. Kolkata and Mumbai, both densely populated cities, are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of sea-level rise, tropical cyclones, and river flooding.

g) Agriculture and food security: Food production in India is sensitive to climate change like variations in temperature and monsoon rainfall. Rise in temperature has a direct impact on the Rabi crop and every 1 degree celcius rise will reduce wheat production by 4 to 5 Million Tons. Every small change in temperature and rainfall has significant effect on the quality and quantity of fruits, vegetables, tea, coffee, basmati rice and aromatic and medicinal plants. It is predicted that a loss of 10 to 40% in production may occur by 2100 due to climate change (NAPCC).

h) Water Security: Urbanization, population growth, economic development, and increasing demand for water from agriculture and industry are likely to aggravate the situation further.

i) Energy Security: Climate-related impacts on water resources can undermine the two dominant forms of power generation in India - hydropower and thermal power generation - both of which depend on adequate water supplies to function effectively.

j) Health: Effluent emissions to water bodies and salination of rivers through sea level rise may increase the incidence of water borne diseases. Deaths due to heat wave are reported from several parts of the country from time to time, particularly during the summer. It is observed that changes in climatic patterns may alter the distribution of vector species (Malaria, Kala-azar, Filaria, Chikungunia, Encephalitis ) and increase its spread in new areas. An increase in temperature and relative humidity may enlarge the transmission windows.

Sourec: https://www.slideshare.net/wgpkumar/climate-change-and-india

Impact of climate change on different crops in India 

Regional variations in mean annual summer monsoon rainfall and the return period of departure from their long-term mean

Shifts in monsoon rainfall behaviour using rainfall distribution patterns for India 

Adaptations and mitigation: Questions and answers part 5

Q: Is there a climate change programme in your country? Please summarize steps in developing, and contents.

Ans: National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)

This action plan outlines a number of steps to simultaneously advance India's development and climate change-related objectives. The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) encompasses a range of measures. It focuses on eight missions, which are as follows:

1. National Solar Mission: The NAPCC aims to promote the development and use of solar energy for power generation and other uses, with the ultimate objective of making solar competitive with fossil-based energy options. It also includes the establishment of a solar research center, increased international collaboration on technology development, strengthening of domestic manufacturing capacity, and increased government funding and international support.

2. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency: The NAPCC recommends mandating specific energy consumption decreases in large energy-consuming industries, with a system for companies to trade energy-saving certificates, financing for public–private partnerships to reduce energy consumption through demand-side management programs in the municipal, buildings, and agricultural sectors, and energy incentives, including reduced taxes on energy-efficient appliances.

3. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat: The NAPCC also aims at promoting energy efficiency as a core component of urban planning by extending the existing Energy Conservation Building Code, strengthening the enforcement of automotive fuel economy standards, and using pricing measures to encourage the purchase of efficient vehicles and incentives for the use of public transportation. The NAPCC also emphasizes on waste management and recycling.

4. National Water Mission: The NAPCC sets a goal of a 20% improvement in water use efficiency through pricing and other measures to deal with water scarcity as a result of climate change.

5. National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem: This particular mission sets the goal to prevent melting of the Himalayan glaciers and to protect biodiversity in the Himalayan region.

6. Green India Mission: The NAPCC also aims at afforestation of 6 million hectares of degraded forest lands and expanding forest cover from 23 to 33% of India's territory.

7. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture: The NAPCC aims to support climate adaptation in agriculture through the development of climate-resilient crops, expansion of weather insurance mechanisms, and agricultural practices.

8. National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change: To gain a better understanding of climate science, impacts, and challenges, the plan envisions a new Climate Science Research Fund, improved climate modeling, and increased international collaboration. It also encourages private sector initiatives to develop adaptation and mitigation technologies through venture capital funds.

The NAPCC also describes other ongoing initiatives that are as follows:

1. Power generation: The government is mandating the retirement of inefficient coal-fired power plants and supporting the research and development of Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle IGCC and supercritical technologies.

2. Renewable energy: Under the Electricity Act 2003 and the National Tariff Policy 2006, the central and the state electricity regulatory commissions must purchase a certain percentage of grid-based power from renewable sources.

3. Energy efficiency: Under the Energy Conservation Act 2001, large energy-consuming industries are required to undertake energy audits and an energy-labeling program for appliances has been introduced.

4. Proposals for health sector: The proposed program comprises two main components, namely provision of enhanced public health care services and assessment of increased burden of diseases due to climate change.

5. Implementation: Ministries with lead responsibility for each of the missions are directed to develop objectives, implementation strategies, timelines, and monitoring and evaluation criteria to be submitted to the Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change. The Council will also be responsible for periodically reviewing and reporting on each mission's progress. To be able to quantify progress, appropriate indicators and methodologies will be developed to assess both avoided emissions and adaptation benefits.

Q: How to prepare climate and climate information in a simple way to provide to the end-user.

Ans : The severity of climate change impacts to develop strategies that modify or prevent these impacts. Hence, robust climate change impact assessment studies are needed, to assess the vulnerability of given systems and to develop reliable adaptation strategies. For each of these climate change impact assessment studies, climate data are either directly interpreted or used in impact models by end-users. End-users are often unsure about the data access, quality of data, and correct usage of data. end-users need information on local or regional scale.

Hence, downscaling techniques have to be accomplished that not only bridge the spatial resolution gap between GCM and local information in a sound way, but are also suitable for the purpose intended by the end-user (e.g. heavy rain or summer temperature analyses). End users require precisely tailored downscaling products with detailed guidelines on their interpretation and limitations.

Consequently, there is a need to improve the communication between the downscaling community and stakeholders, with a more targeted exchange of information about what is needed from the end user, and what can and cannot be provided by downscaling methods.

Adaptations and mitigation: Questions and answers part 4

 Q: The importance of conveying scientific information on climate and CC into appropriate actions for the local community and sectors.

Ans:  Lack of awareness exists at all levels from decision maker, officials in sectors and locality, to vulnerable communities.

Therefore we emphasize on the awareness raising for all levels. Health news is a perennial favorite of news outlets, including newspapers, television, radio, and online. The climate change and health story, especially to the degree that it can be localized, has considerable potential to interest local news outlets.

Briefing the editorial board of your local paper, local TV and radio producers, local weather casters, and prominent local bloggers are all potentially helpful options.Framing climate change as a public health issue creates opportunities to engage important new partners in the issue who, in turn, can help explain the issue to the public and decision-makers, and who can help develop and implement response plans. Protecting human health is an issue that crosses institutional, scientific, and political boundaries.

A focus on improving health is an important way to humanize the issue of climate change, and to encourage cross-cutting collaborations across communities. Reframing climate change as a public health issue can help reveal local angles of a global problem, thereby making the problem more concrete, and moving the location of impacts closer to home.

To many people, the problem of climate change is global and abstract, while human health impacts are local and concrete. So, at local level the response to climate change should be closely linked with international policy and national strategy and policy should be issued. By framing climate change as a local public health issue is possible to replace people’s mental associations of climate change as being geographically and socially distant with more proximate and relevant mention associations, such as the risks to children, the elderly, and the poor, in local communities.

 Q: What are the methods to control flood risks?

Ans : In many countries, rivers prone to floods are often carefully managed. Defences such as levees, bunds, reservoirs, and weirs are used to prevent rivers from bursting their banks. When these defences fail, emergency measures such as sandbags or portable inflatable tubes are used. Coastal flooding has been addressed in Europe and the Americas with coastal defences, such as sea walls, beach nourishment, and barrier islands.

A dike is another method of flood protection. A dike lowers the risk of having floods compared to other methods.[citation needed] It can help prevent damage; however it is better to combine dikes with other flood control methods to reduce the risk of a collapsed dike.

A weir, also known as a low head dam, is most often used to create millponds, but on the Humber River in Toronto, a weir was built near Raymore Drive to prevent a recurrence of the flooding caused by Hurricane Hazel in 1954, which destroyed nearly two fifths of the street.

Q: How the flood and Tsunami hazard maps are useful to prevent the flood and Tsunami risks?

Ans : The flood and Tsunami hazard maps are useful to identifying the location of higher risk level area and formulating a plan for when an emergency situation arises. These maps are empirically defined using a deterministic approach based upon historical data.

Q: What is the most efficient option of adaptation for increasing flood magnitude in future you think?

Ans: Many of the recommended adaptation options are considered to be “no- regret” as they are consistent with best practice and would be applicable under any future climate scenario. These include improved monitoring, long term, risk based-integrated planning, enhancement of natural systems, decentralization and diversification of options and general social development and flexible, responsive institutions and systems. 

Three main options of adaptation for increasing flood magnitude:

• Engineering options include

- Technology

- Information and Intelligence （database, early warning system etc）

• Policy options include

- Law （promoting other options）

- Human resources (capacity development, advertisement)

• Socio-economic options include

- Social system （revision of social systems and practices）

- Economic system （insurance, grants, incentive） 

Q: What is the disaster related to water people are mostly concerned in your country? Please pick up a disaster event and report us about it.

Ans:

Drought Disaster in Maharastra, India:

Maharashtra state was affected by the region’s worst drought in 40 years,worst-hit areas are Jalna, Jalgaon and Dhule are also affected by the famine. Millions of people in Maharashtra are at serious risk of hunger after two years of low rainfall in the region.

Flood Disaster in Uttrakhand, India:

On June 2013 Uttarakhand received heavy rainfall,massive Landslides due to the large flashfloods, it suffered maximum damage of houses and structures, killing more than 1000 people, sources claimed the death toll could be rise up to 5000. Uttarakhand Flash Floods is the most disastrous floods in the history of India.

Q: Why are the climate change adaptation is important for sustainable development in your country and sustainability in the world?

Ans: The climate change adaptation is important for sustainable development in India and sustainability in the world:

1) Climate change cannot be totally avoided.

2) Anticipatory and precautionary adaptation is more effective and less costly than forced, last-minute,

emergency adaptation or retrofitting.

3) Climate change may be more rapid and more pronounced than current estimates suggest. Unexpected events are possible.

4) Immediate benefits can be gained from better adaptation to climate variability and extreme atmospheric events.

5) Immediate benefits also can be gained by removing maladaptive policies and practices.

6) Climate change brings opportunities as well as threats. Future benefits can result from climate change

Adaptations and mitigation: Questions and answers part 3

 Q:  How to increase climate change adaptation capacity on sustainable development and sustainability in your country?

Ans: Adaptive capacity - combination of the strengths, attributes, and resources available to an individual, community, society, or organization that can be used to prepare for and undertake actions to reduce adverse impacts, moderate harm, or exploit beneficial opportunities. 

To increase climate change adaptation capacity on sustainable development and sustainability follow as: 

1.Integration of Climate change adaptation into sustainability science and sustainable development policies, strategies, action plan.
2.Management (Adaptive management, learning by doing management, promoting innovation).
3.Development of sustainability science, Science and technology policy innovation;
4.Proactive response to CC for sustainability.
5.Building Nature Harmonious and Resilient Society (NHRS).
6.Capacity building for CCA and sustainability.

7.University led development for CCA and sustainability.

Q: Give a brief sketch (write up) about global radiation budget?

Ans: The Earth's Radiation Budget is a concept used for understanding:

How much energy the Earth gets from the Sun and How much energy the Earth-system radiates back to outer space as invisible light.

Based on the physics principle of conservation of energy, this radiation budget represents the accounting of the balance between incoming radiation, which is almost entirely solar radiation, and outgoing radiation, which is partly reflected solar radiation and partly radiation emitted from the Earth system, including the atmosphere.

Component of Earth's radiation Budget:

1) INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION: Incoming ultraviolet, visible, and a limited portion of infrared energy from the Sun drive the Earth's climate system. Some of this incoming radiation is reflected off clouds, some is absorbed by the atmosphere, and some passes through to the Earth's surface. Larger aerosol particles in the atmosphere interact with and absorb some of the radiation, causing the atmosphere to warm. The heat generated by this absorption is emitted as longwave infrared radiation, some of which radiates out into space.

2) ABSORBED ENERGY: The solar radiation that passes through Earth's atmosphere is either reflected off snow, ice, or other surfaces or is absorbed by the Earth's surface.

3) Emitted LONGWAVE Radiation: Heat resulting from the absorption of incoming shortwave radiation is emitted as longwave radiation. Radiation from the warmed upper atmosphere, along with a small amount from the Earth's surface, radiates out to space. 

4) GREENHOUSE EFFECT: Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (such as water vapor and carbon dioxide) absorb most of the Earth's emitted longwave infrared radiation, which heats the lower atmosphere. In turn, the warmed atmosphere emits longwave radiation, some of which radiates toward the Earth's surface, keeping our planet warm and generally comfortable. Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane increase the temperature of the lower atmosphere by restricting the outward passage of emitted radiation, resulting in "global warming," or, more broadly, global climate change.