Q: What is the key principle in naming variables in an influence diagram? How can one identify the focus variable in a feedback loop?
Ans: The key principles in naming variables in an influence diagram may be either in increasing or decreasing in a feedback loop,which are as follows :
1. Quantification of variables
2. Use clear language that describes the variables in their neutral sense
3. The links (arrows) in diagram should indicate the flow of influence or information between the variables.
One can identify the focus variable in a feedback loop if it answers the following questions positively by:
1. How the variable effect the environment/object.
2. Will the variable have positive impact.
3. What is the importance of such a variable in a feedback loop.
4. Will the variable have multiple benefits to affected variables.
5. Recognition of benefits by selection of that focus variable.
6. Prior experimental trial or research concluded for selection of focus variable.
Q: climate change can increase disaster losses significantly?
Ans: Climate change can increase disaster losses significantly in following ways:
1) Direct climate impact changes weather variables e.g. average temperature, rainfall, wind speed, seasonality and disruptions to major weather systems e.g. ENSO.
2) Indirect impacts to natural systems e.g. changes to fire regimes, disease vector profiles, ecosystem functioning, fauna breeding cycles, flora pollination etc.
Indirect impacts are also influenced by non-climate anthropogenic influences. E.g. fire regimes are affected by: climate (rainfall, temperature, wind) natural ecosystem functioning (vegetation growth, distribution) and human influences (deforestation, plantation forestry, fire prevention). Thus,climate change can increase disaster losses significantly.
Ques: What approaches would you take to reduce climate change associated risks under uncertainty of projections?
Ans: Approaches that should be taken to reduce climate change associated risks under uncertainty of projections are as follows :
1) Imperfection and limitation on science such as feedback and tipping point uncertainties need to be quantified through comparison with observations.
2) coping with extremes associated with uncertainty projections during climate change.
3) Reduction strategies should be adopted.
4) Rare extreme events should have a proper check out else,they will become more frequent causing large damages unless the reduction measures are implemented.
Q: What is your projection of the future (society, economy, CO2 emission, climate)?
Ans: My projection of the future is socio-economic balance of the society in global context. Socio-economic changes are key drivers of projected changes in future emissions and climate, and are also key determinants of most climate change impacts, potential adaptations and vulnerability. They also influence the policy options available for responding to climate change. Many scenarios are developed at a broader scale, requiring downscaling of aggregate socio-economic scenario information. the CO2 emission sources should be regulated so that the concentration of GHG gases in atmosphere is low. Promotion of planting more and more trees should be adopted to safe guard our environment. Economic feasibility study and risk analysis strategies for climate change should be there.
Q: Do you think that we can (should) mitigate the climate change (i.e., reducing CO2 emission very much)?
Ans: Yes, we should mitigate the climate change through reducing the CO2 emission. Human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas, have caused a substantial increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. This increase in atmospheric CO2 from about 280 to more than 380 parts per million (ppm) over the last 250 years is causing measurable global warming.
Potential adverse impacts include sea-level rise; increased frequency and intensity of wildfires, floods, droughts, and tropical storms; changes in the amount, timing, and distribution of rain, snow, and runoff; and disturbance of coastal marine and other ecosystems. Rising atmospheric CO2 is also increasing the absorption of CO2 by seawater, causing the ocean to become more acidic, with potentially disruptive effects on marine plankton and coral reefs. If we have a proper check and concern and took proper regulatory measures to the above aforesaid problems then we can mitigate the climate change.
Q: Can you give an example of agricultural production practice for climate change adaptation and mitigation?
Ans: Climate change mitigation in agriculture production practice can be done in following no. of ways:
A) Improved cropland management
– nutrient management,
– tillage/residue management and
– water management
B) Restoration of degraded soils
C) Agriculture can help to mitigate climate change by
– reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and
– sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere in the soil.
D) The potential of organic agriculture for both effects is high.
E) Inclusion of leguminous crops, to reduce emission of N2O -N
F) Diversified crop rotation with green manure
G) Avoiding continuous flooding in rice will help in reducing emission of CH4
The improved practices stops soil erosion and converts carbon losses into gains. If mitigation strategies are adopted effectively, climate change will favor adaptation also, hence crop yield will be enhanced as it would utilize carbon which was preserved during mitigation strategies adopted.
Increased agricultural output in a region will be there if adaptation and mitigation works simultaneously but complementary to each other.
Q: What do you think about green energy and green world ?
Ans: I hope for 'Green world with green energy' in the near future, comprising of greenery and pollution free environment with emphasis on utilization of green energy in global context.
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