Climate Change: questions and answers part 3

 Ques: We would appreciate if you can suggest any potential questions for this purpose. Can you say whether the climate change has similar or variable impact on food production at varying latitude? If so, explain the reason for the similar or variable impact?

Ans: Yes, The climate change have a variable impact on food production at varying latitude because change in latitude changes the climate which may be either tropical and temperate and also the belt of vegetation which primarily depends upon climatic conditions. It can be seen that in the tropical climate, higher temperature will create more atmospheric water demand leading to water stress. The developing countries are located in tropical climate which have fewer resources with low adaptive capacity to the changing agricultural production because of climate change. So, it is not necessary that climate will have similar impact on variation of latitude, it will always be variable in nature.

Ques: What are the properties of crop model for its application in climate change impact analysis?
Ans: The properties of crop model for its application in climate change impact analysis:

1) Basic growth processes

2) Phenological development

3) Biomass accumulation

4) Growth and yield

5) Soil water balance

6) Soil carbon and nitrogen balance

Use soil-crop models system (DSSAT, APSIM, Expert-N, InfoCrop) for:

a) evaluation of adaptation options:

– Weather uncertainty

–Input uncertainty (Price and management)

b) evaluation of climate change mitigation:

– Water and nutrient management to reduce greenhouse gas emission

– Organic farming for carbon sequestration

Q: Often precipitation and temperature are the most commonly required parameters used for impact studies. Give some examples of impact study procedures (ex. flood) and the parameters that you would use from climate projections.

Ans: After downscaling either by statistical or dynamical method following procedure are adopted:

A) Qualitative Description

B) Indicators of change

C) Compliance to standards

D) Cost and benefit

E) Geographical analysis

F) Dealing  with uncertainty

 The parameters that would be used from climate projections are:

Precipitation, Temperature, CO2, Land use, Pollution, Water resources, agriculture.

Q: Describe the type of downscaling approach you would use for (a) a flood study and (b) a rice yield change study. Give reasons for your choice

Ans: For flood study dynamic scaling method would be used because,it is based upon assumptions and resolutions and if forced with with observations it can simulate real natural events which is not possible in case of statistical scaling approach.

While, for rice yield statistical scaling method would be used because, it is based upon generation of synthetic series of data at a local variable site between local scale predict and large scale predictors, as results are limited to local climatic conditions and enormous amount of previous year data is needed to compute the analysis.

Q:  What is the difference between climate change adaptation and climate change mitigation?

Ans: Adaptation and mitigation are complementary to each other. For example, if mitigation measures are undertaken effectively, lesser will be the impacts to which we will need to adapt. Similarly, if adaptation measures are strong, lesser might be the impacts associated with any given degree of climate change.
There are some differences between adaptation and mitigation, but if the key vulnerabilities to climate change are to be addressed, adaptation is essential as even after the most rigorous mitigation efforts, climate change will continue in the next few decades. At the same time, mitigation is necessary because reliance on adaptation alone could eventually lead to a magnitude of climate change to which effective adaptation is possible only at very high social, environmental, and economic costs.

Some observed incidents:

• https://www.dw.com/en/mysterious-mass-fish-kill-in-oder-river-climate-change-or-poison/a-62784099

• https://www.dw.com/en/netherlands-drought-in-the-land-of-dikes/av-62819066

• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X20308190?via%3Dihub

Reports

• https://www.ipcc.ch/reports/

• https://unfccc.int/

• https://unu.edu/

• https://sites.google.com/view/rk-srivastava/publications

• 
  

Climate Change: questions and answers part 2

Q: What is the key principle in naming variables in an influence diagram? How can one identify the focus variable in a feedback loop?

Ans: The key principles in naming variables in an influence diagram may be either in increasing or decreasing in a feedback loop,which are as follows :
1. Quantification of variables

2. Use clear language that describes the variables in their neutral sense

3. The links (arrows) in diagram should indicate the flow of influence or information between the variables.

One can identify the focus variable in a feedback loop if it answers the following questions positively by:

1. How the variable effect the environment/object.

2. Will the variable have positive impact.

3. What is the importance of such a variable in a feedback loop.

4. Will the variable have multiple benefits to affected variables.

5. Recognition of benefits by selection of that focus variable.

6. Prior experimental trial or research concluded for selection of focus variable.

Q: climate change can increase disaster losses significantly?
Ans: Climate change can increase disaster losses significantly in following ways:
1) Direct  climate  impact changes  weather  variables  e.g.  average temperature,  rainfall,  wind  speed,  seasonality  and disruptions  to  major  weather  systems  e.g.  ENSO.
2) Indirect  impacts  to  natural  systems  e.g.   changes   to   fire   regimes,   disease   vector   profiles,   ecosystem  functioning,  fauna  breeding  cycles,  flora  pollination  etc.
Indirect  impacts are also  influenced  by  non-climate  anthropogenic  influences.  E.g.  fire regimes  are  affected  by: climate (rainfall, temperature, wind) natural  ecosystem functioning  (vegetation  growth, distribution) and human influences  (deforestation, plantation forestry, fire  prevention). Thus,climate change can increase disaster losses significantly.

Ques: What approaches would you take to reduce climate change associated risks under uncertainty of projections?
Ans: Approaches that should be taken to reduce climate change associated risks under uncertainty of projections are as follows :
1) Imperfection and limitation on science such as feedback and tipping point uncertainties need to be quantified through comparison with observations.
2) coping with extremes associated with uncertainty projections during climate change.
3) Reduction strategies should be adopted.
4) Rare extreme events should have a proper check out else,they will become more frequent causing large damages unless the reduction measures are implemented.

Q: What is your projection of the future (society, economy, CO2 emission, climate)?
Ans: My projection of the future is socio-economic balance of the society in global context. Socio-economic changes are key drivers of projected changes in future emissions and climate, and are also key determinants of most climate change impacts, potential adaptations and vulnerability. They also influence the policy options available for responding to climate change. Many scenarios are developed at a broader scale, requiring downscaling of aggregate socio-economic scenario information. the CO2 emission sources should be regulated so that the concentration of GHG gases in atmosphere is low. Promotion of planting more and more trees should be adopted to safe guard our environment. Economic feasibility study and risk analysis strategies for climate change should be there.

Q: Do you think that we can (should) mitigate the climate change (i.e., reducing CO2 emission very much)?
Ans: Yes, we should mitigate the climate change through reducing the CO2 emission. Human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas, have caused a substantial increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. This increase in atmospheric CO2 from about 280 to more than 380 parts per million (ppm) over the last 250 years is causing measurable global warming.
Potential adverse impacts include sea-level rise; increased frequency and intensity of wildfires, floods, droughts, and tropical storms; changes in the amount, timing, and distribution of rain, snow, and runoff; and disturbance of coastal marine and other ecosystems. Rising atmospheric CO2 is also increasing the absorption of CO2 by seawater, causing the ocean to become more acidic, with potentially disruptive effects on marine plankton and coral reefs. If we have a proper check and concern  and took proper regulatory measures to the above aforesaid problems then we can mitigate the climate change.

Q: Can you give an example of agricultural production practice for climate change adaptation and mitigation?
Ans:  Climate change mitigation in agriculture production practice can be done in following no. of ways: 
A) Improved cropland management 
– nutrient management,
– tillage/residue management and
– water management
B) Restoration of degraded soils
C) Agriculture can help to mitigate climate change by
– reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and
– sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere in the soil.
D) The potential of organic agriculture for both effects is high. 
E) Inclusion of leguminous crops, to reduce emission of N2O -N
F) Diversified crop rotation with green manure
G) Avoiding continuous flooding in rice will help in reducing emission of CH4 

The improved practices stops soil erosion and converts carbon losses into gains. If mitigation strategies are adopted effectively, climate change will favor adaptation also, hence crop yield will be enhanced as it would utilize carbon which was preserved during mitigation strategies adopted. 

Increased agricultural output in a region will be there if adaptation and mitigation works simultaneously but complementary to each other.

Q: What do you think about green energy and green world ?

Ans: I hope for 'Green world with green energy' in the near future, comprising of greenery and pollution free environment with emphasis on utilization of green energy in global context.

Where to get climate data ?

The websites list to get climate data:

• https://www.wcrp-climate.org/

• https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets/reanalysis-datasets/era5

• https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/cdc/cdc_ueberblick-klimadaten_en.html

• https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/cdo-web/

• http://www.worldclim.org/

• https://www.researchgate.net/deref/https%3A%2F%2Fesgf-node.llnl.gov%2Fsearch%2Fcmip6%2F 

•  https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/projections-cordex-domains-single-levels?tab=overview 

• http://gismap.ciat.cgiar.org/MarkSimGCM/

• http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/faowater/Applications/CLIMWAT2.zip 

• https://www.wunderground.com/ 

• https://power.larc.nasa.gov/data-access-viewer/

• https://globalweather.tamu.edu/ 

EPUB format

A file saved with the .epub is a file format used for storing files as eBooks and other types of content. EPUB is the short name of electronic publication and named the official standard of the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF).

EPUB files can store words, images, sheets, fonts, metadata details, and tables of content. They are considered layout agnostic, meaning that screen size doesn’t affect the formatting—EPUB files can display content on screens as small as 3.5″. This and the fact it’s a freely available standard is why a majority of eReaders support EPUB files.

In Ubuntu, you can save your file or document i.e. text, image, table of content in EPUB format by clicking on "export as" tab in "File" menu. However to open these files you need other software to install. I tried to open pdf viewer, image viewer, Libre office files system and it could not open. Hence, I look to internate and i found that it is suitable for Kindle to read ebooks.

How to Open an EPUB File

EPUB files can be opened on a computer with several free programs, such as Calibre, Adobe Digital Editions, Apple Books, EPUB File Reader, Stanza Desktop, Okular, and Sumatra PDF. In addition to a few of the programs just mentioned, Mac users can read EPUB files with Readium. Google Play Books is another place you can open EPUB files by uploading them to your Google account and viewing it through the web client.

Convert an EPUB File

1. Calibre is the premier program for this. It converts to and from most other eBook formats and other supported conversions are EPUB, FB2, HTML, LIT, LRF, PDF, PDB, RTF, TXT, and SNB.

2. Zamzar is an online EPUB converter worth mentioning. You can use the website to convert the book to PDF, TXT, FB2, and other similar text formats.

3. Online eBook Converter is one way to make an EPUB file from another document file like AZW or PDF.

References:

https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-an-epub-file-2621084#:~:text=with%20your%20eReader.-,What%20Is%20an%20EPUB%20File%3F,than%20any%20other%20file%20format.

https://www.howtogeek.com/362592/what-is-an-epub-file-and-how-do-i-open-one/

Which one better HP's Envy or Spectre or Pavilion or Chromebook ?

HP's notebook

HP Elitebook:

The top one from hp brand with high performance with top speed and weight < 1 kg, not only look great also is very robust and make it top in 2 in 1 convertible laptop. As I said top then the cost is also on top which ranges more than 1300 euros minimum now a days. 

The body part is made of aluminium and design is slim with high inter core processors and it comes with 8 or 16 GB ram minimum. The most important is battery life > 13 hrs which is very in comparison to others. Since, these laptops comes for business purpose hence it comes with numerous security such as: HP sure view privacy screen and fingerprint sensor.

HP's Elitbook 840 g9

HP Spectre:

Another Hp's premium laptop with high cost less than HP's Elitebook with weight 1  < 1.6 kg and again convertible 2in1 with high ram 8 - 16 GB with outstanding B&O speakers, the borders less IPS touch display, which is available in Full HD+ and 4K and powerful CPU. And these laptop also comes with security purpose too i.e. finger sensor. However the cost is very high lower than Elitebook. The body part is also made of aluminium and design is slim with high inter core processors.

HP's Spectre

HP Envy:

Undoubtedly, HP's Envy laptops are the best laptops in 2in1 convertible category as these comes in lower price than Elitebook and Spectre with same features but lower ram (8-16 gb) and high intel core and AMD so there is choice and price is in pocket range and above than the Pavilion. Definitely you can buy. It comes with beautiful design and high end components such as SSDs, high res screens and discrete graphics. In contrast, the metal is usually stamped aluminum rather than the more premium precision milled metal on the Spectre line.

HP's Envy

HP Pavilion: 

HP's Pavilion laptops are cheaper and affordable and comes in very range with optional of IR Cameras, Hard derive or SSD, optional discrete graphic and built in B&O speakers. However, it is flexible in 2in1 convertible range but the battery life is lower or near to 9 hrs and I think with battery hrs will decrease. Also, in term of performance it is not bad and it comes with high intel core or AMD. It also support 8 GB RAM.

HP's Pavilion

In addition,

HP Chromebook:

Chromebook developed for kids and chrome lover powered by Google browser-centric operating system. HP's Chromebook do not come in several range as Asus and Acer and also it does not come with high RAM or storage too. It is suitable for kids, painting, design, communication and for fun even on go or travel time.

HP's Chromebook

Suggestions:

1. Elitebook and Spectre are costlier so go for Envy. 

2. If you want to buy for kid or only communication or loved google then go for HP's Chromebook.

3. Fore business purpose, chose either Spectre or Elitebook for security purpose.

4. If you are working on data science then go for Specter because they come with more numbers of cores which helpful in programming.

"Don't waste your money it comes after hard work"  

--Dr. Rajiv Srivastava, 

Save .pptx in .jpg or .png format in Ubuntu 22.4

 #########How to save .pptx file as .png pr .jpg####################

1. Create your ppt document 

2. Click on upper left 'file' tab

3. Click on 'Export' option for .jpg or .png and if you wan to save .pdf then click 'Export as pdf'

4. Then one window will pop up like this

5. Then click as your desire i.e .png or .jpg or.wmf or many and rename 

6. then click save and new window will pop up and choose scale

7. Now, .pptx saved as .png

Create dataframe in R

#####################How to create dataframe of different variables from .csv############

> install.packages ("tidyverse")

Check this link for installing tidyverse on updated Ubuntu

(https://rajivagriscienceblog.blogspot.com/2023/02/how-to-install-r-library-tidyverse-for.html)

> setwd("/home/rajiv/for_1695_datast_confidential/04_weather")

if it is windows then it should be ("C: //home/rajiv/for_1695_datast_confidential/04_weather")

> library('tidyverse')

> ec1 <- read.csv("ec1_weather_data.csv", header = TRUE, sep = ",")

1. data.frame

ec1weather <- data.frame(ec1$site,

                                      ec1$date,

                                      ec1$temeprarute)

2. Tibble

> ec1weather <- tibble(ec1$site,

                                      ec1$date,

                                      ec1$temeprarute)

3. cbind

> ec1weather <- cbind(ec1$site,

                                      ec1$date,

                                      ec1$temeprarute)

Note: The basic difference between three is that cbind and data.frame convert all variables in character (chr) but tibble convert as it is ie.e date to date, int to int and chr to chr. Remember type of data or class or str of data is necessary before to data analysis.  If date is chr then you can not plot a graph with ggplot. It will show error "error discrete value supplied to continuous scale"

To plot a graph with ggplot, check here:

https://rajivagriscienceblog.blogspot.com/2023/02/plooting-with-common-axis-in-ggarrange.html